What is neurodiversity?

Neurodiversity is defined as the range of differences in individual brain function and behavioural traits, regarded as part of normal variation in the human population. The term ‘neurodivergence’ is an umbrella term to refer to the group of conditions that fall under the broader category of “neurodevelopmental disorders”. It is thought that up to 20% of the population are neurodivergent.

Neurodivergence is now recognised as occurring across the lifespan and often being 'diagnosed' in adulthood. It is heritable and heterogeneous; it is the norm, rather than the exception, to have more than one neuro-difference, whether diagnostic criteria are met or not. Different people will experience different challenges and it remains under-diagnosed and under-supported in many areas of life.

Despite the difficulties associated with neurodivergence there are many positive attributes associated with being neurodivergent such as visual thinking, creative ability, intuition, innovation, attention to detail, connecting ideas. It is important that the narrative is changed to support the idea of differences rather than only difficulties, although difficulties clearly exist, and adjustments are often needed to overcome them.

Conditions under the neurodivergence umbrella include the following (although it is clear that having one means increased likelihood of having another):

Autism

“Autism describes a pattern of 'qualitative differences and impairments in reciprocal social interaction and social communication, combined with restricted interests and rigid and repetitive behaviours, often with a lifelong impact”. NICE 2019.

"Autism is a neurodevelopmental identity characterised by a unique way of experiencing, processing, and interacting with the world. It encompasses diverse cognitive styles, sensory experiences, communication preferences, and social expressions". BAND, 2023

ADHD

“Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous disorder characterised by the core symptoms of hyperactivity, impulsivity and inattention, which are judged excessive for the patient's age or level of overall development”. NICE 2019.

"ADHD is a form of neurodivergence that reflects a different way of thinking, feeling, and engaging with the world. It is characterised by a dynamic cognitive style that often includes high energy, creativity, spontaneity, and a unique relationship with attention and motivation meaning that people with ADHD may thrive in environments that embrace flexibility, movement, and non-linear thinking". BAND 2023

Dyspraxia

Developmental Coordination Disorder (Dyspraxia) causes difficulty with the learning and execution of coordinated motor skills that affects the way a person plans, coordinates, and executes physical movements. It is a natural variation in motor and sensory processing that can influence fine and gross motor skills, spatial awareness, and sometimes speech or organization.

DLD

Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) causes difficulty with receptive and/or expressive language which can impair comprehension and/or the various aspects of speech including phonology, syntax and semantics. People with DLD may have unique ways of expressing themselves, interpreting language, and engaging in conversation.

SpLDs

Specific Learning Difficulties (SpLDs) such as Dyslexia, which primarily presents as difficulty with reading and writing tasks, Dyscalculia effects basic number conceptualisation/relationships and Dysgraphia, which creates challenges with letter formation and spacing through to organising thoughts and expressing ideas on paper.

Tourette's

Tic Disorders and Tourette's Syndrome are neurodevelopmental disorders, characterised by involuntary movements and vocalisations known as tics.

SPDs

Sensory Processing Disorders (SPDs) occur when the brain has difficulty processing and interpreting sensory information from the environment, leading to challenges in perception, integration, and response to sensory stimuli.

Co-morbidity

Co-morbid Conditions in the context of neurodiversity. There is emerging evidence that neurodivergence is associated with multiple intertwined health conditions and that being neurodivergent correlates with increased morbidity and mortality relating to all organ systems.